Those who are allergic to seafood may become extremely ill simply by smelling it, making them more prone to avoid it. People who get food illness after eating a specific meal demonstrate the same avoidance behaviour.
Scientists have long known that the immune system plays an important part in human reactivity to allergens and infections in the environment, but it was unknown if it also had a role in inducing these sorts of behaviours towards allergic stimuli. According to Yale-led research published July 12 in the journal Nature, it turns out that the immune system plays a crucial role in changing our behaviors.
“We find immune recognition controls behavior, specifically defensive behaviors against toxins that are communicated first through antibodies and then to our brains,” said Ruslan Medzhitov, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology at Yale School of Medicine, investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and senior author of the study. Without immune system communication, the brain does not warn the body about potential dangers in the environment and does not try to avoid those threats, the study shows.
A team in the Medzhitov lab, led by Esther Florsheim, at the time a postdoctoral researcher at Yale and now an assistant professor at Arizona State University, and Nathaniel Bachtel, a graduate student at the School of Medicine, studied mice that had been sensitized to have allergic reactions to ova, a protein found in chicken eggs.
As expected, these mice tended to avoid water laced with ova, while control mice tended to prefer ova-laced water sources. The aversion to ova-laced water sources in sensitized mice lasted for months, they found. The team then examined whether they could alter the behavior of sensitized mice by manipulating immune system variables.
They found, for instance, that mice allergic to ova lost their aversion to the protein in their water if Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, produced by the immune system, were blocked.
IgE antibodies trigger the release of mast cells, a type of white blood cell that, along with other immune system proteins, plays a crucial role in communicating to areas of the brain that control aversion behavior.
Without IgE as an initiator, the transmission of information was interrupted, so that mice no longer avoided the allergen. Medzhitov said that the findings illustrate how the immune system evolved to help animals avoid dangerous ecological niches. Understanding how the immune system memorizes potential dangers, he added, could one day help suppress excessive reactions to many allergens and other pathogens.
