50 Years Of Pokhran-1: How Did India Pull-Off Its First Nuclear Bomb Test

On this day in 1974, i.e. May 18, India conducted its first landmark nuclear tests in Pokhran, Rajasthan, as part of the ‘Smiling Buddha’ operation. The event was shrouded in secrecy until it actually occurred, as many major world powers at the time were trying to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.

Then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi described the test as a “peaceful nuclear explosion,” likely to calm the international community, particularly the permanent five members of the United Nations Security Council (P-5): the United States, the United Kingdom, France, China, and Russia.

Why Did India Decide To Go For Nuclear Tests?

India chose to conduct nuclear tests for several reasons. India perceived the NPT as unfairly favoring nuclear states over non-nuclear ones like itself, prompting it to conduct independent nuclear tests.

Apart from this, Indian scientists, including Homi J Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, laid the groundwork for nuclear energy within India, leading to the establishment of the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954.

Shift in Leadership and Geopolitical Climate: Changes in leadership after the 1960s, combined with tensions with China and Pakistan, influenced India’s pursuit of nuclear capabilities. China’s nuclear tests in 1964 also contributed to this decision.

How Did Pokhran-1 Test Happen?

India conducted its 1974 nuclear test at Pokhran without prior announcement, amidst internal uncertainty among key decision-makers. Prime Minister Indira Gandhi approved the test despite opposition from some advisers, demonstrating India’s determination.

The test, known as “Smiling Buddha,” took place on May 18, 1974, at Pokhran in Rajasthan, chosen for its secluded location. The test highlighted India’s nuclear capabilities and its defensive capacity, although immediate weaponization was not pursued. Choosing Buddha Jayanti for the test added symbolic importance.