An ongoing ownership dispute has emerged in Karnataka over several historic sites, including prominent landmarks such as Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Rauza, and the Bidar and Kalaburagi forts. The Waqf Board has claimed ownership of at least 53 of these monuments, stating that they are Waqf properties—assets meant for religious or charitable purposes under Islamic law.
Out of these, 43 sites in Vijayapura, a historic city known for its architectural heritage from the Adil Shahi era, have reportedly been under Waqf ownership since a declaration made in 2005. However, these claims have led to controversies and administrative challenges, particularly with the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), which currently manages and protects these sites under national heritage regulations.
Historic Sites in Question
Vijayapura, once the seat of the Adil Shahi dynasty, boasts structures like the Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rauza, which are celebrated for their unique Indo-Islamic architecture. The ASI, which is legally responsible for the conservation and maintenance of these monuments, contends that these structures have been designated as “monuments of national importance” since 1914. Under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, the ASI asserts its role as the primary custodian, with strict guidelines around preservation and maintenance.
Allegations of Encroachment and Modifications
In recent years, reports have surfaced about alleged encroachment and unauthorized modifications at several of these historical sites. ASI officials have raised concerns that certain properties, particularly those in Vijayapura, are facing unregulated alterations. Reports indicate that additions like cement plaster, fluorescent lights, fans, and even air-conditioning units have been installed within some monuments, while parts of these sites have been repurposed for commercial use. The ASI has expressed frustration over these changes, asserting that they compromise the historical and architectural integrity of the monuments.
Sources within the ASI indicate that several sites have been modified by “third parties,” with unauthorized additions that may affect their potential listing as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. One of the most contentious changes includes the transformation of some mosque premises into madrasas and marketplaces, which has reportedly hindered tourist activity.
Administrative Dispute and Documentation Issues
The Waqf Board claims that its ownership is substantiated by documents from 2005, allegedly approved by state officials who served in dual administrative capacities at the time. However, the ASI maintains that these monuments were officially registered as national heritage sites decades ago, arguing that Waqf declarations should not impact ownership under the AMASR Act. The ASI has repeatedly sought documentation from the Waqf Board to clarify the ownership status of these sites, yet officials report that conclusive records have not been submitted.
The Ministry of Culture has issued directives to the Karnataka state administration, requesting the removal of encroachments and the cessation of unauthorized renovations. However, both the local authorities and the Waqf Board have yet to present documentation that could conclusively resolve the dispute.
Calls for Preservation Amid Growing Concerns
Heritage conservationists and historians emphasize the need for protective measures to maintain the integrity of Karnataka’s historic sites. Experts argue that these monuments represent not only architectural marvels but also cultural heritage spanning centuries. There are increasing calls for the state and central governments to cooperate on a long-term strategy to ensure that these monuments are preserved according to established heritage laws.
The ongoing ownership debate raises broader questions about heritage management and accountability. With Karnataka’s historic sites at the center of an administrative and cultural dilemma, a resolution may require enhanced legal clarity and greater commitment to preserving the legacy of these monuments.
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